This book focuses on 10 major philosophical debates in the pre-Qin Confucianism—heaven vs. man, humans vs. animals, endogenous vs. exogenous (i.e., whether benevolence and righteousness are endogenous or exogenous), benevolence vs. propriety, righteousness vs. benefit, collectivism vs. individualism, gentleman vs. villain, justice vs. fate, king vs. hegemon, and Confucianism vs. Legalism. It introduces the origin, core values, theoretical framework, and logical reasoning of Confucianism and encourages readers to consider how human consciousness emerges and evolves over time and what propels humans to live a virtuous life.