The debut of Industrial Structural Upgrading at the Turn of the Century coincided with a critical juncture in China's economic and social transformation. The pivotal period was characterized by the tumultuous shifts associated with industrialization as described by development theory. This book delves into China's industrial development, examining its past, present, and future through four key lenses: (i) historical antecedents and contemporary conditions for China's industrial structure upgrading, (ii) development trajectories at the turn of the century, (iii) challenges and opportunities in the open global environment, and (iv) policy analysis of industrial adaptation, addressing the various concerns surrounding China's industrial development prospects. Grounding its analysis in realities, the final chapter tackles government interventions aimed at assisting the adaption of traditional industries, offering valuable insights for both academics and practitioners.